Electrification of toluene flowing in large-diameter metal pipes
Journal of Physics D (Applied Physics), 3 (4):
563--573 (April 1970)DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/3/4/313
Abstract
Data are given on the electric currents generated by the flow of toluene
($=2 10^11$ Ømega cm) and toluene containing Shell
Anti-static Additive No.3 ($=5 10^11$ Ømega cm and
$5 10^10$ Ømega cm) in large stainless-steel pipes (length
29 m, diameters 1.62, 2.88, 5.39, 8.35 and 10.90 cm). It is shown
that the effect of changes in flow velocity and pipe diameter on
charging current can be calculated using empirical equations of the
form $i_infinity =KV^md^n$ when $>10^11$ Ømega cm and V=100
to 1000 cm s$^-1$. The data are also used to test the validity
of the Koszman and Gavis (1962) equation for the electrification
of liquids during pipeline flow. The evidence suggests that, when
$G<10^-6$, the power dependence of $i_infinity$ on d for large-diameter
pipes differs from the value 0.88, predicted and found to be true
for small-diameter pipes. After modification to have a diameter power
of 1.4, the equation could be used to calculate the order of magnitude
of i$_infinity$.