Computer science as empirical inquiry: symbols and search
Communications of the ACM, 19 (3):
113-126 (марта 1976)p. 116:
"The Physical Symbol System Hypothesis. A physical
symbol system has the necessary and sufficient
means for general intelligent action."
p. 120:
"Heuristic Search Hypothesis. The solutions to
problems are represented as symbol structures.
A physical symbol system exercises its intelligence
in problem solving by search--that is, by
generating and progressively modifying symbol
structures until it produces a solution structure."
p. 121:
"To state a problem is to designate (1) a test
for a class of symbol structures (solutions of the
problem), and (2) a generator of symbol structures
(potential solutions). To solve a problem is
to generate a structure, using (2), that satisfies
the test of (1).".DOI: 10.1145/1283920.1283930
Аннотация
The 1975 ACM Turing Award was presented jointly to Allen
Newell and Herbert A. Simon at the ACM Annual Conference in
Minneapolis, October 20. In introducing the recipients, Bernard A.
Galler, Chairman of the Turing Award Committee, read the following
citation:
"It is a privilege to be able to present the ACM Turing Award
to two friends of long standing, Professors Allen Newell and
Herbert A. Simon, both of Carnegie-Mellon University.
"In joint scientific efforts extending over twenty years, initially
in collaboration with J.C. Shaw at the RAND Corporation, and
subsequently with numerous faculty and student colleague~ at
Carnegie-Mellon University, they have made basic contributions
to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and
list processing.
"In artificial intelligence, they contributed to the establishment
of the field as an area of scientific endeavor, to the development of
heuristic programming generally, and of heuristic search, meansends
analysis, and methods of induction, in particular; providing
demonstrations of the sufficiency of these mechanisms to solve
interesting problems.
"In psychology, they were principal instigators of the idea that
human cognition can be described in terms of a symbol system, and
they have developed detailed theories for human problem solving,
verbal learning and inductive behavior in a number of task domains,
using computer programs embodying these theories to simulate the
human behavior.
"They were apparently the inventors of list processing, and
have been major contributors to both software technology and the
development of the concept of the computer as a system of manipulating
symbolic structures and not just as a processor of numerical
data.
"It is an honor for Professors Newell and Simon to be given
this award, but it is also an honor for ACM to be able to add their
names to our list of recipients, since by their presence, they will add
to the prestige and importance of the ACM Turing Award."
