Staphylococcus aureus is a potentially pathogenic bacterium that causes a broad spectrum of diseases. S. aureus can adapt rapidly to the selective pressure of antibiotics, and this has resulted in the emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Resistance to methicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics is caused by the mecA gene, which is situated on a mobile genetic element, the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec). To date, five SCCmec types (I-V) have been distinguished, and several variants of these SCCmec types have been described. All SCCmec elements carry genes for resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, as well as genes for the regulation of expression of mecA. Additionally, SCCmec types II and III carry non-beta-lactam antibiotic resistance genes on integrated plasmids and a transposon. The epidemiology of MRSA has been investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing and SCCmec typing. Numerous MRSA clones have emerged and disseminated worldwide. SCCmec has been acquired on at least 20 occasions by different lineages of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. Although most MRSA strains are hospital-acquired (HA-MRSA), community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains have now been recognised. CA-MRSA is both phenotypically and genotypically different from HA-MRSA. CA-MRSA harbours SCCmec types IV or V, and is associated with the genes encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin. The prevalence of MRSA ranges from 0.6\% in The Netherlands to 66.8\% in Japan. This review describes the latest developments in knowledge concerning the structure of SCCmec, the molecular evolution of MRSA, the methods used to investigate the epidemiology of MRSA, and the risk-factors associated with CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA.
%0 Journal Article
%1 deurenberg_molecular_2007
%A Deurenberg, R H
%A Vink, C
%A Kalenic, S
%A Friedrich, A W
%A Bruggeman, C A
%A Stobberingh, E E
%D 2007
%J Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
%K Analysis, Bacterial, Chromosomes, Electrophoresis, Evolution, Factors, Gel, Humans, Infections, Methicillin Molecular, Resistance, Risk Sequence Staphylococcus aureus {Community-Acquired} {DNA,} {Pulsed-Field,}
%N 3
%P 222--235
%R 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01573.x
%T The molecular evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
%U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17391376
%V 13
%X Staphylococcus aureus is a potentially pathogenic bacterium that causes a broad spectrum of diseases. S. aureus can adapt rapidly to the selective pressure of antibiotics, and this has resulted in the emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Resistance to methicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics is caused by the mecA gene, which is situated on a mobile genetic element, the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec). To date, five SCCmec types (I-V) have been distinguished, and several variants of these SCCmec types have been described. All SCCmec elements carry genes for resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, as well as genes for the regulation of expression of mecA. Additionally, SCCmec types II and III carry non-beta-lactam antibiotic resistance genes on integrated plasmids and a transposon. The epidemiology of MRSA has been investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing and SCCmec typing. Numerous MRSA clones have emerged and disseminated worldwide. SCCmec has been acquired on at least 20 occasions by different lineages of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. Although most MRSA strains are hospital-acquired (HA-MRSA), community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains have now been recognised. CA-MRSA is both phenotypically and genotypically different from HA-MRSA. CA-MRSA harbours SCCmec types IV or V, and is associated with the genes encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin. The prevalence of MRSA ranges from 0.6\% in The Netherlands to 66.8\% in Japan. This review describes the latest developments in knowledge concerning the structure of SCCmec, the molecular evolution of MRSA, the methods used to investigate the epidemiology of MRSA, and the risk-factors associated with CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA.
@article{deurenberg_molecular_2007,
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a potentially pathogenic bacterium that causes a broad spectrum of diseases. S. aureus can adapt rapidly to the selective pressure of antibiotics, and this has resulted in the emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus {(MRSA).} Resistance to methicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics is caused by the {mecA} gene, which is situated on a mobile genetic element, the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec {(SCCmec).} To date, five {SCCmec} types {(I-V)} have been distinguished, and several variants of these {SCCmec} types have been described. All {SCCmec} elements carry genes for resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, as well as genes for the regulation of expression of {mecA.} Additionally, {SCCmec} types {II} and {III} carry non-beta-lactam antibiotic resistance genes on integrated plasmids and a transposon. The epidemiology of {MRSA} has been investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis {(PFGE),} multilocus sequence typing {(MLST),} spa typing and {SCCmec} typing. Numerous {MRSA} clones have emerged and disseminated worldwide. {SCCmec} has been acquired on at least 20 occasions by different lineages of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. Although most {MRSA} strains are hospital-acquired {(HA-MRSA),} community-acquired {MRSA} {(CA-MRSA)} strains have now been recognised. {CA-MRSA} is both phenotypically and genotypically different from {HA-MRSA.} {CA-MRSA} harbours {SCCmec} types {IV} or V, and is associated with the genes encoding {Panton-Valentine} leukocidin. The prevalence of {MRSA} ranges from 0.6\% in The Netherlands to 66.8\% in Japan. This review describes the latest developments in knowledge concerning the structure of {SCCmec,} the molecular evolution of {MRSA,} the methods used to investigate the epidemiology of {MRSA,} and the risk-factors associated with {CA-MRSA} and {HA-MRSA.}},
added-at = {2011-03-11T10:05:34.000+0100},
author = {Deurenberg, R H and Vink, C and Kalenic, S and Friedrich, A W and Bruggeman, C A and Stobberingh, E E},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2fed7e9c0f2296a8a7ac7079f05b0286a/jelias},
doi = {10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01573.x},
interhash = {ff49696d62d90b4579de9622563c05f1},
intrahash = {fed7e9c0f2296a8a7ac7079f05b0286a},
issn = {{1198-743X}},
journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases},
keywords = {Analysis, Bacterial, Chromosomes, Electrophoresis, Evolution, Factors, Gel, Humans, Infections, Methicillin Molecular, Resistance, Risk Sequence Staphylococcus aureus {Community-Acquired} {DNA,} {Pulsed-Field,}},
month = mar,
note = {{PMID:} 17391376},
number = 3,
pages = {222--235},
timestamp = {2011-03-11T10:06:48.000+0100},
title = {The molecular evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17391376},
volume = 13,
year = 2007
}