Abstract
The mechanism that causes high-temperature superconductivity in copper
oxide materials (cuprates) is still unknown, more than 15 years after
it was discovered. As the charge carriers (electrons or holes) are
introduced into the parent antiferromagnetic insulator, a process
called doping, the material evolves from an insulator to a superconductor,
and eventually to a normal metal. This marked change of physical
properties with doping indicates that doping dependence (non-universality)
might be a general feature of these materials, but we find that,
on the contrary, the low-energy Fermi velocity of electrons is in
fact universal, even among different superconductor families.
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