%0 Journal Article %1 Chien2011-lw %A Chien, Andrew A %A Snavely, Allan %A Gahagan, Mark %D 2011 %J Procedia Comput. Sci. %K Compilers Computer_architecture Expose Heterogeneity Hybrid_computing Parallelism Performance moore's_law %N 0 %P 1987--1996 %T 10x10: A General-purpose Architectural Approach to Heterogeneity and Energy Efficiency %V 4 %X Two decades of microprocessor architecture driven by quantitative 90/10 optimization has delivered an extraordinary 1000-fold improvement in microprocessor performance, enabled by transistor scaling which improved density, speed, and energy. Recent generations of technology have produced limited benefits in transistor speed and power, so as a result the industry has turned to multicore parallelism for performance scaling. Long-range studies 1,2 indicate that radical approaches are needed in the coming decade -- extreme parallelism, near-threshold voltage scaling (and resulting poor single-thread performance), and tolerance of extreme variability -- are required to maximize energy efficiency and compute density. These changes create major new challenges in architecture and software. As a result, the performance and energy-efficiency advantages of heterogeneous architectures are increasingly attractive. However, computing has lacked an optimization paradigm in which to systematically analyze, assess, and implement heterogeneous computing. We propose a new paradigm, ``10x10'', which clusters applications into a set of less frequent cases (ie. 10\% cases), and creates customized architecture, implementation, and software solutions for each of these clusters, achieving significantly better energy efficiency and performance. We call this approach ``10x10'' because the approach is exemplified by optimizing ten different 10\% cases, reflecting a shift away from the 90/10 optimization paradigm framed by Amdahl's law 3. We describe the 10x10 approach, explain how it solves the major obstacles to widespread adoption of heterogeneous architectures, and present a preliminary 10x10 clustering, strawman architecture, and software tool chain approach.

@article{Chien2011-lw, abstract = {Two decades of microprocessor architecture driven by quantitative 90/10 optimization has delivered an extraordinary 1000-fold improvement in microprocessor performance, enabled by transistor scaling which improved density, speed, and energy. Recent generations of technology have produced limited benefits in transistor speed and power, so as a result the industry has turned to multicore parallelism for performance scaling. Long-range studies [1,2] indicate that radical approaches are needed in the coming decade -- extreme parallelism, near-threshold voltage scaling (and resulting poor single-thread performance), and tolerance of extreme variability -- are required to maximize energy efficiency and compute density. These changes create major new challenges in architecture and software. As a result, the performance and energy-efficiency advantages of heterogeneous architectures are increasingly attractive. However, computing has lacked an optimization paradigm in which to systematically analyze, assess, and implement heterogeneous computing. We propose a new paradigm, ``10x10'', which clusters applications into a set of less frequent cases (ie. 10\% cases), and creates customized architecture, implementation, and software solutions for each of these clusters, achieving significantly better energy efficiency and performance. We call this approach ``10x10'' because the approach is exemplified by optimizing ten different 10\% cases, reflecting a shift away from the 90/10 optimization paradigm framed by Amdahl's law [3]. We describe the 10x10 approach, explain how it solves the major obstacles to widespread adoption of heterogeneous architectures, and present a preliminary 10x10 clustering, strawman architecture, and software tool chain approach.}, added-at = {2015-06-11T11:49:56.000+0200}, author = {Chien, Andrew A and Snavely, Allan and Gahagan, Mark}, biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2feaec9efdaa1e7f6bcf3572b6a70451a/christophv}, interhash = {01ae10d38863555984c67ea9539a4e01}, intrahash = {feaec9efdaa1e7f6bcf3572b6a70451a}, journal = {Procedia Comput. Sci.}, keywords = {Compilers Computer_architecture Expose Heterogeneity Hybrid_computing Parallelism Performance moore's_law}, number = 0, pages = {1987--1996}, timestamp = {2016-01-04T14:22:08.000+0100}, title = {10x10: A General-purpose Architectural Approach to Heterogeneity and Energy Efficiency}, volume = 4, year = 2011 }