Abstract
A key step in the process of genetic transcription is
the binding of one or several transcription factors to spe-
cific sites in the regulatory region of a gene. These bind-
ing sites may differ strongly across even closely related
species, and the generation of new binding sites is an es-
sential part of the evolution of regulatory networks. In
this paper we consider the sequence evolution of bind-
ing sites, using empirically grounded fitness landscapes.
We demonstrate how a new binding site for a given tran-
scription factor may be generated de novo and estimate
the time required for this process in terms of the neutral
mutation rate, the selection coefficient, and the effective
population size. We also consider how several sites bind-
ing to the same type of factor can co-exist in the regula-
tory region of a gene.
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