Article,

Skills, rules, and knowledge; signals, signs, and symbols, and other distinctions in human performance models

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IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 13 (3): 257--266 (1983)

Abstract

The introduction of information technology based on digital computers for the design of man-machine interface systems has led to a requirement for consistent models of human performance in routine task environments and during unfamiliar task conditions. A discussion is presented of the requirement for different types of models for representing performance at the skill-, rule-, and knowledge-based levels, together with a review of the different ways in which information is perceived at these different levels in terms of signals, signs, and symbols.

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