Аннотация
Context. Variability caused by stellar activity represents a challenge to the
discovery and characterization of terrestrial exoplanets and complicates the
interpretation of atmospheric planetary signals.
Aims. We aim to use a detailed modeling tool to reproduce the effect of
active regions on radial velocity measurements, which aids the identification
of the key parameters that have an impact on the induced variability.
Methods. We analyzed the effect of stellar activity on radial velocities as a
function of wavelength by simulating the impact of the properties of spots,
shifts induced by convective motions, and rotation. We focused our modeling
effort on the active star YZ CMi (GJ 285), which was photometrically and
spectroscopically monitored with CARMENES and the Telescopi Joan Oró.
Results. We demonstrate that radial velocity curves at different wavelengths
yield determinations of key properties of active regions, including spot
filling factor, temperature contrast, and location, thus solving the degeneracy
between them. Most notably, our model is also sensitive to convective motions.
Results indicate a reduced convective shift for M dwarfs when compared to
solar-type stars (in agreement with theoretical extrapolations) and points to a
small global convective redshift instead of blueshift.
Conclusions. Using a novel approach based on simultaneous chromatic radial
velocities and light curves, we can set strong constraints on stellar activity,
including an elusive parameter such as the net convective motion effect.
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