Abstract
Many materials, such as high-$T_c$ cuprates, ruthenates,
and organic superconductors, are now known to exhibit
superconductivity which does not conform to
the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory, and mechanisms for this
unconventional superconductivity have been attracting much interest.
It is confirmed experimentally
that, as in the BCS superconductors, electron pairs are essential
for the phenomenon.
We should thus clarify a source of force producing electron pairs,
a type of effective electron-electron interaction
(which will determine the symmetry of pairing)
derived from the source,
and occurrence of electron-pair condensation due to
this effective interaction.
Here, concentrating on the occurrence of electron-pair
condensation, we study a simple electronic model which has electron pairing
ground states.
The model is an extension of models previously studied in Refs. 1,2.
Let $Łambda$ and $K$ be a lattice and its reciprocal lattice,
respectively.
We denote by $c_k,\sigma(c_k,\sigma^\dagger)$
the annihilation(creation) operator of an electron with wave vector
$kK$ and spin $\sigma=\uparrow,\downarrow$.
Let $\varepsilon(k)0$ be a single-electron energy
associated with the electron
corresponding to $c_k,\sigma$.
We assume that the electrons around the Fermi surface feel
electron-electron interactions.
Under this assumption we consider the model whose Hamiltonian is given by
eqnarray
H=\sum_k\mathcalK\sum_\sigma=\uparrow,\downarrow
\varepsilon(k)
c_k,\sigma^c_k,\sigma
\nonumber\\
&& +1|Łambda|
\sum_k_1,k_2,p_1,p_2K_\delta
\sum_\sigma,\tau=\uparrow,\downarrow
W_\sigma,\tau(k_1,k_2;p_1,p_2)\nonumber\\
&& c_k_1,\sigma^c_k_2,\tau^
c_p_2,\tau c_p_1,\sigma,
eqnarray
with
$K_\delta=\k~|~\delta_1<\varepsilon(k)<\delta_2,
kınK\$,
where $\delta_1$ and $\delta_2$ are some values of energy
between which the Fermi energy of the non-interacting system
is located.
It is noted that our Hamiltonian conserves
the electron number, unlike the ones usually discussed
in the framework of mean field approximations.
Under a certain condition on $W_\sigma,\tau(k_1,k_2;p_1,p_2)$
we rigorously prove that the model has ground states
in which many electrons condense into an electron pairing state.
We demonstrate that various kinds of pairing symmetries are realized
depending on the types of $W_\sigma,\tau(k_1,k_2;p_1,p_2)$.
It is also shown that the model exhibits
off-diagonal long-range order in the ground states.
1) A. Tanaka, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73, 1107 (2004).\\
2) A. Tanaka and M. Yamanaka, Phys. Rev. B 71, 233102 (2005).
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