%0 Journal Article %1 Bloothooft1984 %A Bloothooft, Gerrit %A Plomp, Reinier %D 1984 %I ASA %J The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America %K undefined %N 4 %P 1259--1264 %T Spectral analysis of sung vowels. I. Variation due to differences between vowels, singers, and modes of singing %V 75 %X Average1/3-oct filter spectra of vowels, sung by seven professional maleand seven professional female singers, were measured. The material consistedof nine different vowels, sung at six fundamental frequencies (F0,ranging from 98 up to 880 Hz). For each vowelthe singers were requested to sing in the following ninemodes: neutral, light, dark, pressed, free, loud, soft, straight, andextra vibrato. To study origins of spectral variation, the quantityof spectral variance, based on band filter sound levels, wasused. For each fundamental frequency and separately for males andfemales, portions of total spectral variance associated with the maineffects and the interactions of the factors ``vowels,'' ``singers,'' and``modes of singing'', were computed. A considerable decrease in totalspectral variance was found when F0 rose from 98 to880 Hz, mostly due to the reduced spectral variance betweenvowels. Above about F0=660 Hz spectral variation was dominated bydifferences related to singers and modes of singing. Additional analysesrevealed that for all F0 values (1) vowel spectra ofthe tenor and the soprano singers varied more than thoseof the bass and the alto singers, (2) there wasonly a slight dependence of spectral differences between vowels onthe mode of singing, and (3) the amount of spectralvariation in a vowel, sung by different singers with differentmodes of singing, was vowel dependent.

@article{Bloothooft1984, abstract = {Average1/3-oct filter spectra of vowels, sung by seven professional maleand seven professional female singers, were measured. The material consistedof nine different vowels, sung at six fundamental frequencies (F0,ranging from 98 up to 880 Hz). For each vowelthe singers were requested to sing in the following ninemodes: neutral, light, dark, pressed, free, loud, soft, straight, andextra vibrato. To study origins of spectral variation, the quantityof spectral variance, based on band filter sound levels, wasused. For each fundamental frequency and separately for males andfemales, portions of total spectral variance associated with the maineffects and the interactions of the factors ``vowels,'' ``singers,'' and``modes of singing'', were computed. A considerable decrease in totalspectral variance was found when F0 rose from 98 to880 Hz, mostly due to the reduced spectral variance betweenvowels. Above about F0=660 Hz spectral variation was dominated bydifferences related to singers and modes of singing. Additional analysesrevealed that for all F0 values (1) vowel spectra ofthe tenor and the soprano singers varied more than thoseof the bass and the alto singers, (2) there wasonly a slight dependence of spectral differences between vowels onthe mode of singing, and (3) the amount of spectralvariation in a vowel, sung by different singers with differentmodes of singing, was vowel dependent.}, added-at = {2011-03-27T17:20:41.000+0200}, author = {Bloothooft, Gerrit and Plomp, Reinier}, biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2c4d251cb35e7b8a17fefc99804aa9388/yevb0}, interhash = {2bbeb856d0f35dadcc82adc1692264d4}, intrahash = {c4d251cb35e7b8a17fefc99804aa9388}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, keywords = {undefined}, month = apr, number = 4, pages = {1259--1264}, publisher = {ASA}, shorttitle = {J. Acoust. Soc. Am.}, timestamp = {2011-03-27T17:20:46.000+0200}, title = {Spectral analysis of sung vowels. I. Variation due to differences between vowels, singers, and modes of singing}, volume = 75, year = 1984 }