%0 Journal Article %1 parasuraman2000 %A Parasuraman, R. %A Sheridan, T. %A Wickens, C. %D 2000 %J Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A, IEEE Transactions on %K modeling TOREAD %N 3 %P 286--297 %T A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation %U http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=844354 %V 30 %X Technical developments in computer hardware and software now make it possible to introduce automation into virtually all aspects of human-machine systems. Given these technical capabilities, which system functions should be automated and to what extent? We outline a model for types and levels of automation that provides a framework and an objective basis for deciding which system functions should be automated and to what extent. Appropriate selection is important because automation does not merely supplant but changes human activity and can impose new coordination demands on the human operator. We propose that automation can be applied to four broad classes of functions: 1) information acquisition; 2) information analysis; 3) decision and action selection; and 4) action implementation. Within each of these types, automation can be applied across a continuum of levels from low to high, i.e., from fully manual to fully automatic. A particular system can involve automation of all four types at different levels. The human performance consequences of particular types and levels of automation constitute primary evaluative criteria for automation design using our model. Secondary evaluative criteria include automation reliability and the costs of decision/action consequences, among others. Examples of recommended types and levels of automation are provided to illustrate the application of the model to automation design

@article{parasuraman2000, abstract = {Technical developments in computer hardware and software now make it possible to introduce automation into virtually all aspects of human-machine systems. Given these technical capabilities, which system functions should be automated and to what extent? We outline a model for types and levels of automation that provides a framework and an objective basis for deciding which system functions should be automated and to what extent. Appropriate selection is important because automation does not merely supplant but changes human activity and can impose new coordination demands on the human operator. We propose that automation can be applied to four broad classes of functions: 1) information acquisition; 2) information analysis; 3) decision and action selection; and 4) action implementation. Within each of these types, automation can be applied across a continuum of levels from low to high, i.e., from fully manual to fully automatic. A particular system can involve automation of all four types at different levels. The human performance consequences of particular types and levels of automation constitute primary evaluative criteria for automation design using our model. Secondary evaluative criteria include automation reliability and the costs of decision/action consequences, among others. Examples of recommended types and levels of automation are provided to illustrate the application of the model to automation design}, added-at = {2006-10-20T07:02:36.000+0200}, author = {Parasuraman, R. and Sheridan, T. and Wickens, C.}, biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2fe1c144bdb5ee641ff4a8a327ff0e663/mstrohm}, citeulike-article-id = {160143}, comment = {- identifies four steps in human information processing: acquisition, analysis, decision selection, and implementation, then suggests different systems allow for different levels of automation at each step. - that seems fair, but the four steps are somewhat controversial: no shunts for e.g. - then applies this to suggest a design process which takes it all into account, fig. 3. This flow-chart ignores some of the lessons that I think EID and the SRK framework improve on. - they also, strangely, ignore what evaluative criteria are important in design. THis seems vastly important in their methodology.}, interhash = {de65059f9286c1ea3a2c4a144bb51bf5}, intrahash = {fe1c144bdb5ee641ff4a8a327ff0e663}, journal = {Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A, IEEE Transactions on}, keywords = {modeling TOREAD}, number = 3, pages = {286--297}, priority = {0}, timestamp = {2006-10-20T07:02:36.000+0200}, title = {A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=844354}, volume = 30, year = 2000 }