Abstract
cAMP is a universal second messenger of many G-protein-coupled receptors
and regulates a wide variety of cellular events. cAMP exerts its
effects via cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), cAMP-gated ion channels,
and two isoforms of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac).
Here we report the development of novel fluorescent indicators for
cAMP based on the cAMP-binding domains of Epac and PKA. Fluorescence
resonance energy transfer between variants of green fluorescent protein
(enhanced cyan fluorescent protein and enhanced yellow fluorescent
protein) fused directly to the cAMP-binding domains was used to analyze
spatial and temporal aspects of cAMP-signaling in different cells.
In contrast to previously developed PKA-based indicators, these probes
are comprised of only a single binding site lacking cooperativity,
catalytic properties, and interactions with other proteins and thereby
allow us to easily image free intracellular cAMP and rapid signaling
events. Rapid beta-adrenergic receptor-induced cAMP signals were
observed to travel with high speed ( approximately 40 microm/s) throughout
the entire cell body of hippocampal neurons and peritoneal macrophages.
The developed indicators could be ubiquitously applied to studying
cAMP, its physiological role and spatio-temporal regulation.
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