Abstract
Primary fluctuations in both temperature and polarization of the Cosmic
Microwave Background (CMB) reflect the properties of the Universe from the Big
Bang until the photons decoupled from matter 380,000 years later. These primary
fluctuations are then lensed by large-scale structures (such as clusters of
galaxies and filaments of dark matter), with the result that the distribution
and properties of dark matter, including the masses of neutrinos, can be
determined more accurately by extracting the lensing information than through
studying the primary fluctuations alone. Polarization lensing can give cleaner,
higher resolution results than temperature lensing. The correlation of lensed
CMB polarization with large-scale structure, traced through the Cosmic Infrared
Background, was recently detected; however, this correlation does not trace all
structure and depends on the relationship between the infrared flux from the
galaxies and the underlying mass distribution. Here we report the detection of
gravitational lensing directly from CMB polarization measurements. With these
data, we have made a census of essentially all structure integrated along the
line of sight through the full depth of the observable Universe on 30 square
degrees of the sky, and we find good agreement with expectations from the
standard Lambda cold-dark matter cosmology.
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