Abstract
Electricity power systems worldwide have traditionally been designed
to a vertically connected scheme characterised by centralised generation.
Over the last few decades, several factors have dictated a gradual
shift from the central-control approach to a more distributed layout
where distributed generation (DG) technologies are effectively integrated
and not just connected (appended) to the networks; amongst others
liberalisation of electricity markets, security and quality of supply
and environmental issues. Photovoltaic powered distributed generation
(PV-DG), although still having a much lesser impact than other DG
technologies, is increasingly being embedded into electricity distribution
networks worldwide within the framework of successful regulatory
state and marketing programmes. PV-DG has added values (benefits)
for the electricity systems that extend from peak power and load
reduction (when deployed close to electricity consumption points)
to participation in grid-supporting or grid-forming modes of operation.
The question arises as to what the present situation of PV technology
is for its optimal integration in distribution networks, whether
there are still technical barriers to overcome as well as new opportunities
for PV in future renewably supplied electricity systems. This paper
presents the current state of knowledge concerning these topics from
a European perspective with regard to different grid structures.
It also discusses existing standards, new opportunities to provide
grid services and research and development needs identified to fully
exploit the added-valueâand still developingâbenefits of PV-DG.
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