Abstract
Many systems migrate toward increasing or decreasing modularity, yet
no explicit causal models exist to explain this process. In this
article I build a general theory of modular systems, drawing on systems
research from many disciplines, and then use this general theory
to derive a model of interfirm product modularity, including testable
research propositions. The product model provides a valuable tool
for predicting technological trajectories, and it demonstrates how
the general theory can be applied to specific systems.
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