Article,

The focus of light—linear polarization breaks the rotational symmetry of the focal spot

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Journal of Modern Optics, 50 (12): 1917--1926 (Aug 1, 2003)
DOI: 10.1080/09500340308235246

Abstract

Abstract We experimentally demonstrate for the first time that a linearly polarized beam is focused to an asymmetric spot when using a high-numerical aperture focusing system. This asymmetry was predicted by Richards and Wolf in 1959 and can only be measured when a polarization-insensitive sensor is placed in the focal region. We used a specially modified photodiode in a knife-edge-type set-up to obtain highly resolved images of the total electric energy density distribution at the focus. The results are in good agreement with the predictions of a vectorial focusing theory.

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