Short introduction to Vector Space Model (VSM) In information retrieval or text mining, the term frequency - inverse document frequency also called tf-idf, is
Neil Ireson, Fabio Ciravegna, Marie Elaine Califf, Dayne Freitag, Nicholas Kushmerick, Alberto Lavelli: Evaluating Machine Learning for Information Extraction, 22nd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2005), Bonn, Germany, 7-11 August, 2005
J. Lin, R. Nogueira, und A. Yates. (2020)cite arxiv:2010.06467Comment: Final preproduction version of volume in Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies by Morgan & Claypool.