In the Beginning... ...there was no inheritance and no composition, only code. And the code was unwieldy, repetitive, blocky, unhappy, verbose, and tired. Copy and Paste were the primary mechanisms of code reuse. Procedures and functions were rare, newfangled gadgets viewed with suspicion. Calling a procedure was expensive! Separating pieces of code from the main logic caused confusion! It was a Dark Time.
J. De Koster, S. Marr, T. D'Hondt, and T. Van Cutsem. Proceedings of AGERE! 2013, 3rd International Workshop on Programming based on Actors, Agents, and Decentralized Control, page 61--68. (Oct 27, 2013)
S. Marr, M. De Wael, M. Haupt, and T. D'Hondt. Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Virtual Machines and Intermediate Languages, page 341--348. ACM, (October 2011)
S. Gopal, W. Tansey, G. Kannan, and E. Tilevich. Proceedings of the ACM/IFIP/USENIX 9th International Middleware Conference, page 144--163. Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, (2008)
T. Cutsem, S. Mostinckx, and W. Meuter. Computer Languages, Systems & Structures, 35 (1):
80 - 98(2009)ESUG 2007 International Conference on Dynamic Languages (ESUG/ICDL 2007).
H. Abelson, G. Sussman, and with~Julie~Sussman. MIT Press/McGraw-Hill, Cambridge, 2nd~Editon edition, (1996)http://www.csie.ncnu.edu.tw/~klim/lisp-922/scheme.pdf
http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-1.html
-- last visited $26^th$ December 2007.