The topic of this lecture is causality - namely, our awareness of what causes what in the world and why it matters. Though it is basic to human thought, Causality is a notion shrouded in mystery, controversy, and caution, because scientists and philosophers have had difficulties defining when one event TRULY CAUSES another. We all understand that the rooster's crow does not cause the sun to rise, but even this simple fact cannot easily be translated into a mathematical equation.
V. Prasad, и A. Jena. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association, 309 (3):
241-2(января 2013)Mesures d'associació; Observacionals; Controls negatius.