This article describes common misconceptions about Uniform Resource Locator (URL) encoding, then attempts to clarify URL encoding for HTTP, before presenting frequent problems and their solutions. While this article is not specific to any programming language, we illustrate the problems in Java and finish by explaining how to fix URL encoding problems in Java, and in a web application at several levels.
XCONCUR is an experimental markup language with the major goal to provide a convenient method to express concurrent hierarchies in an XML-like fashion. XCONCUR-CL is a validation component in XCONCUR and allows cross-layer validation.
A reintroduction to XML with an emphasis on character encoding...has things to say about encoding that you almost certainly either don't know at all, or haven't yet fully grasped.