Psychology of Religion and Spirituality (Feb 11, 2019). DOI:10.1037/rel0000254 Urban women of color are at risk of experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Both IPV and HIV are individually associated with negative psychological outcomes and spirituality has sometimes been linked to positive outcomes in the context of these adversities. Guided by syndemic theory, 155 women who were exposed to recent IPV and/or were living with HIV were interviewed for the present study.. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details.