In “Orality and Literacy,” (1982) Ong wrote: “Our Understanding of the difference between orality and literacy developed only in the electronic age, not earlier. …. The electronic age is also an age of ‘secondary orality’, the orality of telephones, radio, and television, which depends on writing and print for existence.” (pgs. 2-3). “I style the orality of a culture totally untouched by any knowledge of writing or print, ‘primary orality.’ It is ‘primary’ by contrast with ‘secondary orality’ of present-day high-technology culture.” (11). via ml