A. Newell, and H. Simon. Communications of the ACM, 19 (3):
113-126(March 1976)p. 116:
"The Physical Symbol System Hypothesis. A physical
symbol system has the necessary and sufficient
means for general intelligent action."
p. 120:
"Heuristic Search Hypothesis. The solutions to
problems are represented as symbol structures.
A physical symbol system exercises its intelligence
in problem solving by search--that is, by
generating and progressively modifying symbol
structures until it produces a solution structure."
p. 121:
"To state a problem is to designate (1) a test
for a class of symbol structures (solutions of the
problem), and (2) a generator of symbol structures
(potential solutions). To solve a problem is
to generate a structure, using (2), that satisfies
the test of (1).".
H. Simon. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, (October 1996)Äs soon as we introduce “synthesis” as well as “artifice,” we enter the realm of engineering. For “synthetic” is often used in the broader sense of “designed” or “composed.” We speak of engineering as concerned with “synthesis,” while science is concerne.