Skills, rules, and knowledge: signals, signs, and symbols, and other distinctions in human performance models
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 13 (3):
257--266 (1983)Abstract
The introduction of information technology based on digital computers
for the design of man-machine interface systems has led to a requirement
for consistent models of human performance in routine task environments
and during unfamiliar task conditions. A discussion is presented
of the requirement for different types of models for representing
performance at the skill-, rule-, and knowledge-based levels, together
with a review of the different ways in which information is perceived
at these different levels in terms of signals signs, and symbols.
Particular attention is paid to the different possible ways of representing
system properties which underlie knowledge-based performance and
which can b characterized at several levels of abstraction—from the
representation of physical form, through functional representation,
to representation in terms of intention or purpose. Furthermore,
the role of qualitative and quantitative models in the design and
evaluation of interface systems is mentioned, and the need to consider
such distinctions carefully is discussed
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