M. Feuer, L. Towne, и R. Shavelson. Educational Researcher, 31 (8):
4(2002)“For example, when well-specified causal hypotheses can be formulated and randomization to treatment and control conditions is ethical and feasible, a randomized experiment is the best method for estimating effects” p. 8.
A. Newell, и H. Simon. Communications of the ACM, 19 (3):
113-126(марта 1976)p. 116:
"The Physical Symbol System Hypothesis. A physical
symbol system has the necessary and sufficient
means for general intelligent action."
p. 120:
"Heuristic Search Hypothesis. The solutions to
problems are represented as symbol structures.
A physical symbol system exercises its intelligence
in problem solving by search--that is, by
generating and progressively modifying symbol
structures until it produces a solution structure."
p. 121:
"To state a problem is to designate (1) a test
for a class of symbol structures (solutions of the
problem), and (2) a generator of symbol structures
(potential solutions). To solve a problem is
to generate a structure, using (2), that satisfies
the test of (1).".
J. Middleton, S. Gorard, C. Taylor, и B. Bannan-Ritland. Handbook of design research methods in education: Innovations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics learning and teaching, (2008)