K. Juuti, and J. Lavonen. NorDiNa, (2006)Construction of research based teaching sequences through Developmental research (Linsje, 1995), Educational reconstruction (Duit, Komorek & Wilbers, 1997), or Ingenierie Didactique (Artigue, 1994), can be considered very similar with design-based research. On the one hand, these approaches take into careful consideration students’ previous knowledge and emphasise basic scientific concepts and how they are related to the teaching sequence (Méhuet, 2004) and on another hand they aim to design the artefacts. For example, Andersson and Bach (2005) produced a teacher guide as an artefact describing the research-based sequence for teaching geometrical optics. However, these approaches focus on research-based design and the adoption of the innovations needs, for example, teachers’ in-service training.
(p 56).
B. Bannan-Ritland, and J. Baek. Handbook of design research methods in education: Innovations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics learning and teaching, Routledge, New York, (NY), (2008)
J. Middleton, S. Gorard, C. Taylor, and B. Bannan-Ritland. Handbook of design research methods in education: Innovations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics learning and teaching, (2008)
H. Mellar, M. Oliver, and C. Hadjithoma-Garstka. Transforming Higher Education through Technology-Enhanced Learning, Higher Education Academy, York, UK, (2009)
M. Feuer, L. Towne, and R. Shavelson. Educational Researcher, 31 (8):
4(2002)“For example, when well-specified causal hypotheses can be formulated and randomization to treatment and control conditions is ethical and feasible, a randomized experiment is the best method for estimating effects” p. 8.
C. Alexander. Harvard University Press, (June 1964)design is - "The process of inventing physical things which display new physical order, organizatio, form, in response to function" (p 1)
"To match the growing complexity of problems, there is a growing body of information and specialist experience. Th.
A. Newell, and H. Simon. Communications of the ACM, 19 (3):
113-126(March 1976)p. 116:
"The Physical Symbol System Hypothesis. A physical
symbol system has the necessary and sufficient
means for general intelligent action."
p. 120:
"Heuristic Search Hypothesis. The solutions to
problems are represented as symbol structures.
A physical symbol system exercises its intelligence
in problem solving by search--that is, by
generating and progressively modifying symbol
structures until it produces a solution structure."
p. 121:
"To state a problem is to designate (1) a test
for a class of symbol structures (solutions of the
problem), and (2) a generator of symbol structures
(potential solutions). To solve a problem is
to generate a structure, using (2), that satisfies
the test of (1).".
H. Simon. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, (October 1996)Äs soon as we introduce “synthesis” as well as “artifice,” we enter the realm of engineering. For “synthetic” is often used in the broader sense of “designed” or “composed.” We speak of engineering as concerned with “synthesis,” while science is concerne.